Impact of Irrigation Levels and Fertigation Frequency on Yield, Water and NPK Use Efficiencies of Safflower under New Valley Conditions
text
article
2015
eng
Two field experiments were conducted at the Research Farm, Agricultural Research Station, El-Kharga, New Valley Governorate, Egypt, during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons to study the impact of irrigation levels (I1=100%, I2= 80% and I3= 60% of potential evapotranspiration, ETp) and fertigation frequency (F1= 3, F2= 6, F3= 12 and F4= 18 doses) on safflower crop. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design in strip-plotarrangementwith three replicates. Results showed that the highest mean values of seed yield, oil yield and NPK use efficiency were recorded from drip irrigation at 100% of ETp with number fertigation splitting to 12 equal doses. The increment percentage of seed yield due to I1F3 treatment over fertigation splitting 3 doses under the same irrigation treatment were 62.2% and 61.1%, 42.34% and 41.63% when using I2F4 treatment in both seasons, respectively as compared to 100% of ETp with fertigation splitting 3 equal doses (I1F1). The highest mean values of water use efficiency were recorded from drip irrigation at 80% of ETp with fertigation splitting 18 doses in both seasons. So, it is concluded that treated safflower plants with I2F4 to get economical yield and water use efficiency, respectively; therefore it may be saving 20% of irrigation water.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
1
15
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_545_490d0094b5efff027ea5cced44e8f5dc.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.545
Response of Two Varieties Productivity to Planting Methods and Weed Control under Sohag Governorate Conditions
text
article
2015
eng
Two field experiments were carried out in the Research Farm at Al-Kawthar, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, in two successive seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the response of Giza 168 and Sids 12 varieties to three planting methods (Afir broadcast, Afir drill and Afir in furrows) and four weed control trials (hand weeding twice at 30 and 45 days after sowing, Granstar 75% DF at rate 8 g/fed. at 30 days after sowing, Topik 15 % WP at rate of 140 g/fed. at 40 days after sowing and Granstar 75% DF at rate 8 g/fed. at 30 days after sowing + Topik 15% WP at rate of 140 g/fed. at 40 days after sowing) on yield and yield components. A randomize complete block design (RCBD) in split-split plot with four replicates was used. Data indicated that the varieties, planting methods and weed control had significantly effect on the all studied traits; plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikes/m2, number of spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (ardab/fed.) and biological yield (ton/fed.) in both seasons. Sids 12 variety produced the highest number of spikes/m2, number of spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield, but Giza 168 surpassed in plant height and spike length. Afir drill method increased significantly number of spikes/m2, number of spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield (ardab/fed.) and biological yield (ton/fed.), as well as Afir broadcast and Afir in furrows methods increased plant height (cm) and Spike length (cm). The application of Granstar 75% DF + Topik 15% WP mixture increased spike length (cm), number of spikes/m2, number of spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (ardab/fed.) and biological yield (ton/fed.). In general the highest grain yield (20.02 ardab/fed.) was obtained from the application of Granstar 75% DF + Topik 15% WP mixture under drill method
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
16
28
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_546_3cdec9d124e0088ac2b38d444817cba7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.546
Performance and Stability Analysis of Several Yellow Maize Hybrids
text
article
2015
eng
Performance and stability of 13 maize single cross hybrids were estimated under five different environments in Egypt during 2013 summer season. A randomized complete block design was used at each environment. Mean squares due to environments, Genotypes and G x E interaction were highly significant for grain yield and other agronomic traits. Based on combined data H2 possessed the highest grain yield (5.15 kg/plot) and significantly outyielded the check hybrid H13 (4.59 kg/plot). According to stability analysis the G x E (linear) interaction was not significant and had low portion of the G x E interaction when compared to the environment linear mean of squares for grain yield and the other studied. If the mean yield ( ), regression coefficient value (bi) and the deviation from the regression are considered together, then the most stable hybrid would be H2 and H9. The most stable hybrids according to the ecovalence method were H10, H8, H1, H9. These hybrids were not the best ranked for grain yield, except H9, which possessed the first rank for grain yield with 5.15 kg plote-1 (Plot size is 9.6 m2) and is considered as a promising hybrid for stability.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
29
43
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_547_5cecd147d29e275ac1040f7dd3bbd9d6.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.547
Control of Genetic Variation in Stem Diameter, Number of Vascular Bundles and their Relationships with Grain Yield under Heat Stress in Bread Wheat
text
article
2015
eng
The genetic system controlling variability in stem diameter and number of vascular bundles in wheat was investigated in an 8 parent diallel cross grown in favorable environment (normal sowing date) and heat stress environment (late sowing date). For the two stem attributes genes with additive effects were operating with non-allelic gene interaction being involved for number of vascular bundles under normal sowing date, heat stress reduced stem diameter by 14.1% on average while the average reduction in vascular bundles amounted to 10.65%. The narrow-sense heritability estimates were reasonably. high and comparable in the two environments being 0.78and 0.62 for stem diameter, 0.78 and 0.73 for number of vascular bundles under favorable and heat stress conditions, respectively. The two stem attributes were positively and significantly correlated in both favorable (r = 0.77, p < 0.01) and heat stress environment (r = 0.69, p < 0.01), indicating the considerable proportion of the variation in stem diameter is accounted for by variation number of bundles in the stem. The impact of heat stress was grater on grain yield per spike (38.5% reduction) than on 1000 kernel weight (22.1% reduction). For the two yield components analyzed, the narrow-sense heritability was rather low being 0.47 and 0.40 for grain yield per spike in normal and stress environments. Stem diameter was significantly correlated with both; 1000 kernel weight under favorable (r = 0.59, p < 0.01) and heat stress condition (r = 0.59, p < 0.01). Stem diameter was also correlated with grain yield per spike in the two environments (r = 0.47, and 0.42, p < 0.01). Meanwhile, number of vascular bundles was significantly correlated with 1000 kernel weight under favorable conditions only (r = 0.53, p < 0.01) and with grain yield per spike on the two environments (r = 0.47 and r = 42, p < 0.01). Moreover, the positive significant association between stem diameter and 1000 kernel weight was consistently displayed in the 9 F2 segregating populations analyzed. Meanwhile the association of stem diameter with grain yield per spike was significantly positive in only six of the 9 F2 populations. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate the utility of selecting for stem diameter for improving heat stress tolerance as an easy storable character with reasonable high narrow-sense heritability which will increase storage ability of assimilates in the stem via affecting number of vascular bundles.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
44
61
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_548_2ec85f545097acceb53d60ad33e759e5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.548
The Beneficial Effects of Minimizing Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizers on Fruiting of Seewy Date Palms by Using Organic and Bio-fertilizers
text
article
2015
eng
The effects of replacing mineral-N fertilization partially by organic or bio-fertilization on growth and fruiting of Seewy date palms were studied during 2012, 2013 and 2014 seasons. The palms are grown in a private orchard at El-Dakhla oasis, New Valley, Egypt, where the texture of soil is sandy loam.
Ammonium nitrate, farmyard manure and nitrobien were added as mineral, organic and bio-forms of N, respectively. The experiment was set up in a complete randomized block design with nine treatments and three replicates, one palm per each.
The obtained results indicated that:
- Fertilizing the palms with either two forms (mineral plus organic) or (organic plus bio-form), as well as, three forms (mineral, organic plus bio-form) considerably increased the leaf area and N, P & K contents of leaves compared to using mineral-N source only. Using three forms gave the highest values of these traits.
- Using either two form or three forms of nitrogen fertilization increased the residually of N, P and K compared to use mineral-N source only.
- The heaviest bunch weight was detected on the palms that fertilized with the three forms, contained the third of them. Moreover, using either two or three forms was accompanied with improving fruit quality in terms of increasing fruit weight, total soluble solids and sugar contents and decreasing the moisture percentage.
So, it is concluded that Seewy date palm production can rely on organic and bio-fertilization as alternatives to mineral-N fertilization or at least rationalize its use in the production of organic palm dates as well as increasing soil fertility, the nutritional status and yield besides reducing environmental pollution that may occurr by excess of chemical fertilizers used.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
62
74
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_549_58c94fbe26f24db61eefe7fd012a1a21.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.549
Beneficial Effects of Minimizing Nitrogen Fertilization on Fruiting of Manfalouty Pomegranate Trees
text
article
2015
eng
This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt, to investigate the response of Manfalouty pomegranate trees for Azotin (bio-fertilizer) and Enciaben (slow release-N fertilizers) during 2013 and 2014 seasons. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with six treatments and three replications, each one tree.
The results of this study showed that all studied fertilization treatments significantly increased the leaf area as well as percentage of N, P and K in leaves compared to use the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) as fast mineral nitrogen source only. No significant differences on these traits due to use slow release-N fertilizer at any dose as well as 60% of RDN as two or three forms. All studied fertilization treatments studied significant increasing the yield/tree and decrease the fruit splitting percentage compared to use (RDN) as fast mineral-N source only. The maximum yield/tree and least fruit splitting percentage were recorded on the trees that fertilized by three different fertilization source (three forms). Fertilization with the slow release dose, two forms (mineral plus bio) or three forms (mineral plus bio and slow release) significantly improved the fruit quality in terms of increasing the fruit weight, pulp % and total soluble solids % as well as sugar, vitamin C and anthocyanin contents and decreasing the total acidity and tannin content compared to use the RDN as release mineral-N source. Hence, the cost wise evaluation of the application of these N sources is in favour of 60% RDN at either two, three forms or slow release-N.
It is evident from the obtained results that such fertilization programs are very important for the production of pomegranate fruits since it improves the fruit quality and packable yield and reduces the production costs and environmental pollution.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
75
87
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_550_3f3f74d939fb91c68d6a7891b3961197.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.550
In Vitro Propagation of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.)
text
article
2015
eng
The success of mass micropropagation of fruit trees may be reached by using plant tissues culture techniques, since this has shown efficient results on seedling production with high quality and health. Preliminary experiments were carried out to define the constitution of culture medium that provides better results, in multiplication as well as in vitro rooting and acclimation methods of blackberry cv. 'Triple Crown' (Rubus fruticosus L.). The best survival percentage was 90% when both shoot tips and stem segments were treated with 40% sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg BA+0.5 mg 2ip/l was the most efficient treatment on in vitro multiplication of blackberry inducing a higher number of shoots was 7.78 shoot/ explant. Also the combinations of MS medium with NAA and BA improved the multiplication of blackberry in vitro, the highest value was 4.42 shoot/explant that was observed in the presence of 1.0 mg BA combined with 0.1 mg NAA /l. The best rooting condition for explants of the blackberry was reached by keeping the explants in full strength MS medium enriched with 2.0 mg IBA+0.5 mg NAA/l which produced long roots with sub roots which were thick and involved in medium.
All treatments of garlic and camphor oils induced significant improvement in bud fertility, yield (kg/vine), and berry weight (g). The inferior taste of garlic oil, we recommend to use camphor oil at 1.0% to improve bud fertility, yield and berry quality of Flame Seedless grape cv.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
88
99
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_551_ecef8e0e4bab905c0cc7ea074106793c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.551
Effect of Garlic and Camphor Oils on Bud Fertility and Yield Compo-nents of Flame Seedless Grape Cultivar
text
article
2015
eng
This study was conducted through three successive seasons 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 on Flame Seedless grape 12 years old. The grapevines were grown at the vineyard of Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University. The study was performed to examine the effects of spraying garlic and camphor oils at 1.0% and 1.5% each on bud fertility, yield (kg/vine) and berry quality. The grapevine were trained as bilateral cordon leaving 48 buds/vine. These natural oils were sprayed twice at full bloom and at the beginning of the veraison stage (when 20% of berries of 50% bunch/vine were softened). The experiment was carried out as split-plot arrangement at one level of randomized complete block design with three replicates, one grapevine each.
All treatments of garlic and camphor oils induced significant improvement in bud fertility, yield (kg/vine), and berry weight (g). The inferior taste of garlic oil, we recommend to use camphor oil at 1.0% to improve bud fertility, yield and berry quality of Flame Seedless grape cv.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
100
119
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_552_c535f03af1fddfd46926b481ea30daee.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.552
Sustainable economic development of desert villages in Minia Governorate
text
article
2015
eng
Because of the accumulation of the Egyptians on the green strip near the Nile Valley which led to the untapped area ratio of the total Egyptian area is no more than 8%. In addition to the lack of agricultural land in the territory of the Nile Valley and limitations due to construction on and encroachment upon these lands and this land is a fertile one and easily cultivated and production of export crops and vegetables that suit the markets and lead to increased export surplus of production where Egypt is considered first-class in the export of vegetables as well as fruit that suit global markets. To solve the problem of limited agricultural land in Egypt, the government has adopted a project for the development of desert villages in Upper Egypt Governorates, as well as the North Upper Egypt province due to their most developmental needs through exploiting the extended desert areas, as well as Minya Governorate where there were stockpiles high population and a decrease in cultivated land, as there is a large desert area that can be exploited in the establishment of mega-projects as well as reclaiming desert lands which are appropriate to agriculture to reduce the unemployment rate, raising productivity and reducing the poverty rate.
One of the goals of the current research is to identify crop installation in the desert villages in Minya governorate and the economic efficiency of the production elements affecting crop production of wheat and summer maize in the research sample and identifying the relative importance and economic constraints faced by farmers in the desert villages in Minya governorate.
Findings of the present research indicate that the most important influential elements on the production of corn crop acre represented in the number of human labor days and the used amount of nitrogen fertilizer in kg effective unit, and the used amount of phosphate fertilizer in kg effective unit and that 90.8% of the changes in the productivity corn acre in the sample of the present study is due to a change in these elements. The total productivity elasticities of these elements, which were estimated at 0.763, indicate that the use of these elements is done by an economic combination. Through estimating various production elasticities for each production element it was found to be positive and less than the right one of these elements, where it was estimated 0.392, 0.308, 0.063 for the human labour, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, showing the increase of the production per acre of corn by 0.392% , 0.308%, 0.063%, respectively. Results also indicated that the value of the marginal product of nitrogen fertilizer exceeds the cost of obtaining a unit of it. This indicates that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used for corn growers in the sample study was less than the quantity which achieve sufficiency and increasing the used amount of this element leads to the increase in the marginal product value. As for the value of the marginal product of the amount used of human labor and phosphate fertilizer, the results indicated that it is less than the unit price of each and that the rationalization of their use leads to increased output of marginal value of each. Results of the present research also indicated that the optimum size of the production, which decreases costs is 15.84 ardebs per acre less than the actual production by 16.2%. As for the size of the economic output that maximizes profit is 12.73 ardebs per acre less than the actual production by 32.6%.
As for the wheat crop results indicated that the most significant influential elements on the production of wheat acre in the search sample are represented in the physical quantity of used human labor, manure and the amount of used active units of phosphate fertilizer and the average area in the research sample, and the percentage of 86.9 % of the changes in the productivity of an acre of wheat in the research sample is due to a change in these elements. The total productivity elasticities of these elements, which were estimated at 0.374 indicate the use of these economic elements in combination. By estimating elasticities of various productions for each element of the output element, it was indicated that it is positive and less than the correct one, where it was estimated at 0.144 and 0.149 for the human labour and manure, respectively. This shows the increased use of these elements by 1% leads to the increase of acre production of wheat by 0.144% and 0.149%, respectively. The production flexibility of phosphate fertilizers and crop area was estimated of about 0.034and 0.047, respectively.
The results indicated that the output marginal value of organic fertilizer is less than the cost of obtaining a unit of it. This indicates that the amount used to growers of wheat at the level of the total research sample is greater than the amount achieving efficiency and the rational use of this element increases the marginal output value. As for the value of the marginal product of the amount of human labor used and phosphate fertilizer, the results indicated that it is greater than the unit price of them and that the increase in the amount used of them lead to increasing marginal product value.
The present research results also show that the volume of production of the wheat crop at the level of the total study sample determines the level of costs by 86.8% and proved statistically significance of the function model. The optimal production size which decreases costs amounted to 14.228 ardebs per acre lower than the actual output by 7.5%. As for the size of the economic production which maximizes profit is 12.381 ardebs per acre less than the actual production by 19.5%. This explains the arrival of farmers of the study sample to the optimal economic size, which maximizes profit.
As for the problems and obstacles facing farmers it was found that the problems relating to marketing come in the forefront of the problems of farmers desert areas Minya Governorate, where occurrences of these problems accounted for 43% of the total occurrences of the problems. Followed by problems related to the pre-requisites of production and infrastructure problems at rates 24% and 22%, respectively, then comes the institutional problems as least occurrences of problems where their rate was 11% of the total problems in the sample of the study.
In the light of the search results the following points are recommended:
1 - The State should provide the infrastructure to these desert villages in Minia Governorate.
2 - Horizontal and vertical expansion of desert villages in the governorate.
3 - Providing the necessary fertilizers and pesticides to farmers in these villages .
4 - Provision of health services and electricity to those villages to attract young people to resettle in these desert areas.
5 - The provision of appropriate and safe housing for the inhabitants of those villages in the governorate.
6 - Activating the role of agricultural guidance and agricultural research centers for the transfer of developed ideas and recommendations to farmers in those areas.
7 - Providing adequate transportation to move crops from these villages to markets.
Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture
1110-0486
46
v.
3
no.
2015
120
140
https://ajas.journals.ekb.eg/article_553_399438aeddca8a5aa97219159b4ed313.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2015.553